Cadres and Meritocrats Revolutionary Ideals and New Elites in Leninist Russia vs. Napoleonic France ! Norsk oppsummering Introduction Both the Russian Revolution of 1917 and the French Revolution of 1789 were driven by powerful egalitarian ideals, yet each ultimately produced a new hierarchical system. In the aftermath of the Bolshevik seizure of power, Lenin and his comrades developed a cadre system – a Communist Party apparatus of loyal functionaries – which became the backbone of Soviet governance. Similarly, after the French (bourgeois) Revolution, especially under Napoleon Bonaparte, an ostensibly meritocratic elite arose, blending revolutionary ideals of “ careers open to talent ” with the realities of a new aristocracy and privileged class. This article explores the origins and ideologies of both revolutions, examines the Leninist cadre system and the Napoleonic elitist system, and compares how these revolutions that championed equality ended up creating ...